{"id":21850,"date":"2023-01-06T17:54:39","date_gmt":"2023-01-06T16:54:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/autoklastr.cz\/cs\/?p=21850"},"modified":"2023-01-11T18:19:14","modified_gmt":"2023-01-11T17:19:14","slug":"co-znamena-nedostatek-polovodicu-pro-evropu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/autoklastr.cz\/en\/co-znamena-nedostatek-polovodicu-pro-evropu\/","title":{"rendered":"Co znamen\u00e1 nedostatek polovodi\u010d\u016f pro Evropu?"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nedostatek polovodi\u010d\u016f v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch n\u011bkolika letech pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nezmiz\u00ed. Evropa sice pomalu zvy\u0161uje sv\u00e9 v\u00fdrobn\u00ed kapacity v oblasti polovodi\u010d\u016f, ale je\u0161t\u011b ne natolik, aby se stala zcela nez\u00e1vislou na extern\u00edch dod\u00e1vk\u00e1ch. Jak se pr\u016fmysl ocitl v t\u00e9to situaci a co znamen\u00e1 vlekl\u00fd nedostatek pro evropsk\u00e9 v\u00fdrobce automobil\u016f?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\nNedostatek polovodi\u010d\u016f p\u0159edch\u00e1zel mnoha kriz\u00edm v z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vyvolala pandemie. Od roku 2018 naru\u0161uj\u00ed dodavatelsk\u00fd \u0159et\u011bzec polovodi\u010d\u016f americk\u00e9 sankce v\u016f\u010di \u010c\u00edn\u011b. P\u016fvodn\u00ed cla byla zam\u011b\u0159ena na suroviny, jako jsou k\u0159em\u00edkov\u00e9 pl\u00e1tky, a stala se jedn\u00edm z faktor\u016f, kter\u00e9 p\u0159isp\u011bly k existuj\u00edc\u00edmu nedostatku.<\/p>\n

Krizi v n\u00e1sleduj\u00edc\u00edch letech prohlubuje kombinace faktor\u016f na stran\u011b nab\u00eddky i popt\u00e1vky. Na za\u010d\u00e1tku pandemie byly p\u016fvodn\u00ed progn\u00f3zy popt\u00e1vky po polovodi\u010d\u00edch n\u00edzk\u00e9, co\u017e vedlo k relativn\u00edmu poklesu a p\u0159esun\u016fm investic do dod\u00e1vek. Av\u0161ak d\u00edky politice “home office” a souvisej\u00edc\u00edmu zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed popt\u00e1vky po spot\u0159ebn\u00ed elektronice z\u016fstala celkov\u00e1 \u00farove\u0148 popt\u00e1vky stabiln\u00ed. Na stran\u011b nab\u00eddky vedly dlouh\u00e9 dodac\u00ed lh\u016fty a v\u00fdluky COVID k n\u00edzk\u00fdm \u00farovn\u00edm z\u00e1sob. V d\u016fsledku toho budou zapot\u0159eb\u00ed rozs\u00e1hl\u00e9 investice do zvy\u0161ov\u00e1n\u00ed v\u00fdrobn\u00edch kapacit a obnoven\u00ed dod\u00e1vek.<\/p>\n

Ned\u00e1vn\u00fd model spole\u010dnosti BCG<\/em> vy\u010d\u00edslil celosv\u011btov\u00fd rozd\u00edl mezi nab\u00eddkou a popt\u00e1vkou po polovodi\u010d\u00edch na 9 %, kter\u00fd by se m\u011bl v pr\u016fb\u011bhu roku 2023 m\u00edrn\u011b sn\u00ed\u017eit. P\u0159esto bude cesta k vyrovn\u00e1n\u00ed mezery v nab\u00eddce a popt\u00e1vce dlouh\u00e1 a obt\u00ed\u017en\u00e1, zejm\u00e9na pro automobilov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl.<\/p>\n

O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee automobilov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl bude m\u00edt do roku 2026 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed r\u016fst (11% CAGR) ze v\u0161ech segment\u016f polovodi\u010d\u016f. Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, u spot\u0159ebn\u00ed elektroniky se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 r\u016fst o 4 %, zat\u00edmco u chytr\u00fdch telefon\u016f pouze o 2 %. P\u0159i tomto tempu vzroste trh s polovodi\u010di pro automobilov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl do roku 2026 na 84 miliard USD, co\u017e p\u0159edstavuje 11 % celkov\u00e9ho trhu s polovodi\u010di (767 miliard USD). K uspokojen\u00ed t\u00e9to popt\u00e1vky je t\u0159eba zv\u00fd\u0161it v\u00fdrobn\u00ed kapacity, co\u017e m\u016f\u017ee trvat n\u011bkolik let.<\/p>\n

V\u00fdrobci polovodi\u010d\u016f samoz\u0159ejm\u011b reaguj\u00ed na nedostatek a pl\u00e1nuj\u00ed zv\u00fd\u0161en\u00ed kapacit. Pl\u00e1ny v\u00fdrobc\u016f polovodi\u010d\u016f na rozvoj kapacit se v\u0161ak li\u0161\u00ed v z\u00e1vislosti na generaci technologie, kter\u00e1 se ozna\u010duje podle velikosti uzl\u016f v nm.<\/p>\n

Podle progn\u00f3z SEMI<\/em> dojde v roce 2023 k nejv\u011bt\u0161\u00edmu n\u00e1r\u016fstu instalovan\u00e9 kapacity u technologick\u00fdch uzl\u016f pod 16 nm, kter\u00e9 se v sou\u010dasnosti v automobilov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu nepou\u017e\u00edvaj\u00ed. U p\u0159\u00edslu\u0161n\u00fdch technologick\u00fdch uzl\u016f, jako je 40nm uzel \u0161iroce pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fd v automobilov\u00fdch mikroprocesorov\u00fdch \u0159\u00eddic\u00edch jednotk\u00e1ch,\u00a0se v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edm roce p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 n\u00e1r\u016fst kapacity pouze o 4 %. Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed, u pokro\u010dil\u00fdch (5-7nm) uzl\u016f pou\u017e\u00edvan\u00fdch v chytr\u00fdch telefonech se p\u0159edpokl\u00e1d\u00e1 25% n\u00e1r\u016fst kapacity.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/p>\n

O\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1 se, \u017ee automobilov\u00fd pr\u016fmysl bude m\u00edt do roku 2026 nejvy\u0161\u0161\u00ed r\u016fst (11% CAGR) ze v\u0161ech polovodi\u010dov\u00fdch segment\u016f.<\/em><\/p>\n

Pokud se pod\u00edv\u00e1me na situaci v Evrop\u011b, nedostatek polovodi\u010d\u016f ji\u017e kontinent siln\u011b ovlivnil a v\u00fdroba vozidel v roce 2021 oproti p\u016fvodn\u00edm o\u010dek\u00e1v\u00e1n\u00edm klesla o 2,3 milionu kus\u016f. Tato ztr\u00e1ta p\u0159edstavuje 24 % celosv\u011btov\u011b ztracen\u00fdch vozidel a \u010din\u00ed z Evropy jeden z nejv\u00edce posti\u017een\u00fdch region\u016f vedle Severn\u00ed Ameriky, na kterou p\u0159ipad\u00e1 25 % ztr\u00e1t. Evropa nav\u00edc odhalila svou vysokou z\u00e1vislost na extern\u00edch hr\u00e1\u010d\u00edch na trhu polovodi\u010d\u016f, konkr\u00e9tn\u011b na \u010c\u00edn\u011b, Koreji, Tchaj-wanu a USA. A\u010dkoli k n\u00e1prav\u011b nedostatku m\u016f\u017ee v z\u00e1sad\u011b doj\u00edt i p\u0159i zachov\u00e1n\u00ed sou\u010dasn\u00e9ho stavu, tato odhalen\u00e1 zranitelnost vy\u017eaduje akci.<\/p>\n

D\u00edky evropsk\u00e9mu z\u00e1konu o \u010dipech, roz\u0161i\u0159ov\u00e1n\u00ed evropsk\u00fdch tov\u00e1ren a pl\u00e1n\u016fm spole\u010dnosti Intel na v\u00fdstavbu tov\u00e1ren v N\u011bmecku (co\u017e p\u0159inese investice spole\u010dnosti Intel ve v\u00fd\u0161i 33 miliard EUR) existuje nad\u011bje, \u017ee se Evropa m\u016f\u017ee st\u00e1t m\u00e9n\u011b z\u00e1vislou na extern\u00edch dod\u00e1vk\u00e1ch. V\u00fdstavba tov\u00e1ren a n\u00e1b\u011bh v\u00fdroby v\u0161ak v sou\u010dasn\u00e9 dob\u011b m\u016f\u017ee trvat \u010dty\u0159i a\u017e p\u011bt let, tak\u017ee jak\u00e1koli nov\u00e1 velkos\u00e9riov\u00e1 v\u00fdrobn\u00ed kapacita z vybudovan\u00fdch z\u00e1vod\u016f se projev\u00ed a\u017e v roce 2027.<\/p>\n

Tyto investice v\u0161ak nemus\u00ed b\u00fdt dostate\u010dn\u00e9, pokud chce Evropa vybudovat kompletn\u011bj\u0161\u00ed portfolio tov\u00e1ren. Pro srovn\u00e1n\u00ed: k vybudov\u00e1n\u00ed jedn\u00e9 pokro\u010dil\u00e9 tov\u00e1rny je pot\u0159eba v\u00edce ne\u017e 20 miliard eur a v\u00edce ne\u017e 5 miliard eur je pot\u0159eba pro roz\u0161\u00ed\u0159en\u00ed st\u00e1vaj\u00edc\u00ed tov\u00e1rny.<\/p>\n

Dal\u0161\u00ed obavou pro evropskou v\u00fdrobu polovodi\u010d\u016f je potenci\u00e1ln\u00ed energetick\u00e1 krize: n\u011bkdy jedin\u00fd pokro\u010dil\u00fd litografick\u00fd syst\u00e9m spot\u0159ebuje 3 0000 kWh denn\u011b. Pod\u00edl n\u00e1klad\u016f na energii na celkov\u00fdch n\u00e1kladech tov\u00e1rny je ji\u017e nyn\u00ed pom\u011brn\u011b vysok\u00fd a pohybuje se kolem 10 %, letos vzroste na 20 % . M\u016f\u017ee si Evropa dovolit tak vysokou spot\u0159ebu energie? Na tuto ot\u00e1zku je t\u0159eba je\u0161t\u011b odpov\u011bd\u011bt.<\/p>\n

Pro evropsk\u00e9 v\u00fdrobce automobil\u016f to m\u00e1 velk\u00e9 d\u016fsledky. Aby bylo mo\u017en\u00e9 zajistit dostate\u010dn\u00e9 dod\u00e1vky pro pokryt\u00ed p\u0159edpokl\u00e1dan\u00e9 \u00farovn\u011b popt\u00e1vky, budou muset m\u00edt hr\u00e1\u010di v automobilov\u00e9m pr\u016fmyslu jasnou p\u0159edstavu o sv\u00e9 budouc\u00ed popt\u00e1vce po polovodi\u010d\u00edch. To bude znamenat identifikaci konkr\u00e9tn\u00edch oblast\u00ed s vysok\u00fdm rizikem a\u017e po jednotliv\u00e9 polovodi\u010de na z\u00e1klad\u011b \u00fazk\u00fdch m\u00edst ve v\u00fdrobn\u00ed kapacit\u011b a c\u00edlenou tvorbu portfolia polovodi\u010d\u016f odoln\u00e9ho v\u016f\u010di budoucnosti.<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n

Zdroj: automotiveworld.com<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nedostatek polovodi\u010d\u016f v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch n\u011bkolika letech pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nezmiz\u00ed. Evropa sice pomalu zvy\u0161uje sv\u00e9 v\u00fdrobn\u00ed kapacity v oblasti polovodi\u010d\u016f, ale je\u0161t\u011b ne natolik, aby se stala zcela nez\u00e1vislou na extern\u00edch dod\u00e1vk\u00e1ch. Jak se pr\u016fmysl ocitl v t\u00e9to situaci a co znamen\u00e1 vlekl\u00fd nedostatek pro evropsk\u00e9 v\u00fdrobce automobil\u016f? Nedostatek polovodi\u010d\u016f p\u0159edch\u00e1zel mnoha kriz\u00edm v z\u00e1sobov\u00e1n\u00ed, kter\u00e9 vyvolala […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":81,"featured_media":21945,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"kategorie_prispevku":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nCo znamen\u00e1 nedostatek polovodi\u010d\u016f pro Evropu? | Autoklastr<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/autoklastr.cz\/cs\/co-znamena-nedostatek-polovodicu-pro-evropu\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale:alternate\" content=\"cs_CZ\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Co znamen\u00e1 nedostatek polovodi\u010d\u016f pro Evropu?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nedostatek polovodi\u010d\u016f v p\u0159\u00ed\u0161t\u00edch n\u011bkolika letech pravd\u011bpodobn\u011b nezmiz\u00ed. 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